A bullet with a higher sectional density should have greater penetration than a bullet with a lower SD. Take A Sneak Peak At The Movies Coming Out This Week (8/12) New Movie Releases This Weekend: April 9th – April 11th; Emerald Fennell – a promising young director If this mass is concentrated in a small area (smaller caliber), it should drive deeper than a bullet with the same mass but a larger caliber because the larger bullet would be encountering more resistance. The .357 Mag’s origins begin in the early 1930’s where the police force was in desperate need of a better terminal performing handgun load. As we would expect, the trend of the .357 Mag having more recoil energy than the 9mm remains the same. 28 Related Question Answers Found How do you find the velocity? If we remember what we are looking at, which is two cartridges that use very similar caliber bullets as well as bullets with similar weights, the results here are not surprising. As on object falls it hits more air. Unlike centerfire cartridges, the ballistics are not as hot a topic outside of velocity, when it comes to handgun rounds. Attempts to construct inviscid steady flow solutions to the Euler equations, other than the potential flow solutions, did not result in realistic results. The .357 Mag was a handgun cartridge that provided unrivaled velocity and terminal ballistic performance at the time. It travels at this velocity for 5 seconds and then decelerates to stop after another 6 seconds. There are definitely some situations where you would want one cartridge over the other, as is the case when comparing just about any two cartridges. We compiled the short range trajectory of these ten rounds and graphed them below (Graph 4). If you heat up the same sample from ice to water then from water to gas (vapor) and plot the graph of temperature vs time, it would look like the graph in Figure 5. In this article, we are going to put the ballistic and other performance specs of these two cartridges next to each other. The difference in the cartridge averages does decrease as the bullets move downrange, but from the muzzle to 50 yards, there is from 10 to 7lb/f.s difference. D In the Figure 7.18, a graph is drawn with velocity along y- axis and time along x- axis. _____ _____ Activity C: Acceleration, distance, and time Get the Gizmo ready: Click Reset. We can promise you that there are loads out there for both cartridges that appear much hotter than the rounds we will discuss. It shows significantly more kinetic energy than any other of the .357 Mag rounds as well as the 9mm rounds. Sure. Carbines also provide more room for tactical gear that can make target acquisition easier. In transonic flight (Mach numbers greater than about 0.8 and less than about 1.4), wave drag is the result of the formation of shockwaves in the fluid, formed when local areas of supersonic (Mach number greater than 1.0) flow are created. When compared to a handgun, the carbine offers easier handling, when you have the room, and shot alignment with being able to fire from the shoulder as well as more points of contact and a longer sight radius. There are so many more important factors to accuracy outside of the actual cartridge that is impossible to control. The FTX is a very well designed round for hunting. Carbine is a pretty general term and encompasses a wide array of gun designs. 2 Plot a graph with r 2 along X axis and terminal velocity along Y axis. For handgun rounds, velocity is most examined for its terminal ballistics. Terminal velocity. 5 Circumference = 2*pi*Radius. Instead, the best stopping power might be a larger, slower bullet that creates a large wound. At the onset of stall, lift is abruptly decreased, as is lift-induced drag, but viscous pressure drag, a component of parasite drag, increases due to the formation of turbulent unattached flow in the wake behind the body. In this case, what is effective stopping power? Felt recoil takes a lot of other factors into account that is difficult to put numbers with including the hand guns grip and the positioning of the shooter. Then, the slope of the graphs were found and they represented terminal velocity. Near the surface of the Earth, any object falling freely will have an acceleration of about 9.8 metres per second squared (m/s 2).Objects falling through a fluid. Let’s zoom in on this shorter range and see if there are any noticeable difference in bullet drop between these two cartridges. When thinking about home defense or self defense cartridges, you might not want the velocity and penetration potential that the .357 brings because of the potential for over-penetration where the round passes through the target. All we are looking at is how flat these rounds shoot. In supersonic flight (Mach numbers greater than 1.0), wave drag is the result of shockwaves present in the fluid and attached to the body, typically oblique shockwaves formed at the leading and trailing edges of the body. As far as trajectory goes for normal handgun ranges, there is not going to be a difference between these two cartridge at home defense ranges. The .357 Magnum is also used in carbines that are better served for hunting purposes. Terminal Velocity Figure 2 Graph showing the comparison of Number of filters to Speed in m/s all to the log base of 10. So there really is no such thing as terminal velocity where A = 0; objects will continue to slow, just a tad, all the way to impact. The wing intercepts the airflow and forces the flow to move downward. e You might find that some rounds seem to give you better performance through your platform than others. Both are entrenched in culture and known to those who are pretty far removed from the shooting world in general. The velocity and mass as well as the design of the bullet factor in as well. Since the power needed to overcome the drag force is the product of the force times speed, the power needed to overcome drag will vary as the square of the speed at low Reynolds numbers and as the cube of the speed at high numbers. we find a drag force of 0.09 pN. Which graph below represents the accelerations vs. time when air resistance is turned on for an object released from rest? If we take a look at all forty rounds we have compiled, we still see that the .357 Mag carries a lot more momentum than the 9mm. The variety of .357 Mag rounds allows the shooter to match his ammunition well with the task at hand. Momentum simply describes the ability of an object in motion to stay in motion. As we mentioned in the previous section, there is a lot that goes into stopping power. If it’s intended use is home defense, you’re thinking shots out to 15 yards at the max and trajectory is not a concern. It’s all about picking the cartridge that is going to suit your expectations and potential shooting scenarios. I try to limit my shots to a maximum of 150 – 200 yards using a Meopta Artemis scope zeroed at 100 yards. This graph shows the trajectory of these two rounds out to 500 yards. Deeper penetration is wanted when you are using the rounds for protection from dangerous game along with large wound creation. At 50 yards, the .357 Mag rounds show an average bullet drop of .5 inches while the 9mm rounds show an average of 1.54 inches. Higher velocities increase penetration as does highly bonded bullets that will not fragment on impact. The drag coefficient of a sphere can be determined for the general case of a laminar flow with Reynolds numbers less than 1 We would argue the reverse. Both of these cartridges are more than capable of serving as your personal defense firearm when looking only at the cartridges. We are also going to look at the use of these cartridges in carbines as well, so it doesn’t hurt to introduce the topic now. They just aren’t meant to take targets at 300+ yards. An experimental .40 caliber cartridge was the only other caliber besides the .45 ACP that the great gun guru Jeff Cooper ... Average Bullet Drop (inches) at Short Range, Average Bullet Drop (inches) at Long Range. If we have two objects with the same area and drag coefficient, like two identically sized spheres, the lighter object falls slower. Pilots will use this speed to maximize endurance (minimum fuel consumption), or maximize gliding range in the event of an engine failure. In theory, a bullet with a better ballistic coefficient should be more accurate since it should be easier to stay on target after being fired. 12. A high-speed bullet that rips through the target such as a FMJ is not going to transfer much of that energy to the target. R Required fields are marked *. The terminal velocity was found by eliminating any points that helped form a curve (these points were estimated and were eliminated to reduce the effect of initial acceleration of the slope of the graph). Let’s take a look at the average recoil generated by these two cartridges when we bring an extra fifteen rounds for each cartridge into the mix. i The capability of using video analysis for investigating the conservation of mechanical energy may be one of its most useful applications. The 9x19mm Parabellum, also known as the 9mm Luger after it’s designer, but more commonly known as the 9mm is one of the most popular and widely used handgun cartridges to date. The interaction of parasitic and induced drag vs. airspeed can be plotted as a characteristic curve, illustrated here. If we exclude the 158gr Win round, the difference in the averages falls to around 300ft.lb at the muzzle to 100ft.lb at 100 yards. Terminal velocity depends on the radius of the sphere in such a way that, if radius becomes n times, then terminal velocity will become n² times. There are numerous bullet designs that are used for the 9mm as well as a diverse range of bullet weights. In transonic flight, wave drag is commonly referred to as transonic compressibility drag. And that is talking averages. So the minimum velocity needed at the highest point to complete a vertical circle is expressed as √(gr) What about hunting? For the .357 Mag rounds, the lightest kicking round is generating 8.39ft.lb of energy which is nearly 3 more ft.lb than the highest recoil generating 9mm round. w Wave drag (also called compressibility drag) is drag that is created when a body moves in a compressible fluid and at speeds that are close to the speed of sound in that fluid. The shock waves induce changes in the boundary layer and pressure distribution over the body surface. Calculate the terminal velocity of the ball, v using the relation, Now, the coefficient of viscosity of the liquid can be calculated by using the formula, Now, repeat the experiment by changing the diameter of the ball. Written by teachers for teachers and students, The Physics Classroom provides a wealth of resources that meets the varied needs of both students and teachers. For the 9mm Luger, our choice between these rounds is the Federal Low Recoil Hydra-Shok 135gr rounds. The pressure distribution acting on a body's surface exerts normal forces on the body. Analyze: Your data show how mass and radius affect terminal velocity. The more pronounced the bullet drop, the more skill it takes in adjusting the shot. The first is velocity, which a lot of handgun users usually key in on. From the .38 special, modifications began to be made by Phil Sharpe, Elmer Keith, and eventually the guys at Smith & Wesson. The .357 vs 9mm is a comparison that features two of the more popular and well known cartridges. The consequences of being "behind the curve" in flight are important and are taught as part of pilot training. Whether you choose the 9mm Luger or the .357 Mag, you have a cartridge that without a doubt can protect your person and your home. In aerodynamics, wave drag consists of multiple components depending on the speed regime of the flight. The change of momentum of the airflow downward results in a reduction of the rearward momentum of the flow which is the result of a force acting forward on the airflow and applied by the wing to the air flow; an equal but opposite force acts on the wing rearward which is the induced drag. While the .357 is not quite as popular, it’s still widely used, and all major retailers are going to be carrying an array of .357 ammo. The formula for viscosity shows that the terminal velocity (v) is proportional to the radius squared; v is greater for a larger sphere than for a smaller one of the same material. With the increase in mass as well as the much higher velocity we saw with the round earlier, we would expect a good deal more bullet energy. Set the Atmosphere to None. The z–axis is through the centre of the sphere and aligned with the mean flow direction, while r is the radius as measured perpendicular to the z–axis. Maths . We also see the flatter trajectory of all the .357 Mag rounds when compared to the 9mm ammo. We should note that these numbers are going to vary based on the weight of your firearm, but it should still give us a good idea of how these two cartridges differ in the actual recoil energy. For Reynolds numbers less than 1, Stokes' law applies and the drag coefficient approaches For the first few specs, we see that the two cartridges are very similar in bullet caliber with the .357 being ever so slightly wider, similar neck diameters, and similar base diameters. {\displaystyle D_{f}} The effectiveness of this cartridge is also demonstrated with the 9mm Luger having a NATO standardization. In this case, the smaller numbers associated with the 9mm are advantageous. Terminal Velocity vs. Mass: ln(V f) vs. ln(m): V f = Final Velocity m = Mass. Again, it’s just our picks and there are a lot of great options available. Finds the maximum falling speed of an object. You can see that there are .357 Mag rounds and 9mm rounds that are much more similar in bullet energy throughout the range. R As you can imagine, this is going to affect the performance specs of these two cartridges. In aviation, this is often referred to as the power curve, and is important to pilots because it shows that, below a certain airspeed, maintaining airspeed counterintuitively requires more thrust as speed decreases, rather than less. R I am looking at various revolvers to purchase and this really offered a vast amount of information to consider when deciding between a 357 or 9. What was the effect of increasing radius? Class … Further details may exist on the, Wave drag in transonic and supersonic flow. The .357 Mag was a handgun cartridge that provided unrivaled velocity and terminal ballistic performance at the time. Problem Description In this test model, a titanium sphere is dropped through a column of glycerin. Check important topics from all chapters CBSE 11th Physics Syllabus & NCERT 11th Physics Textbooks. However, all experiments at high Reynolds numbers showed there is drag. Example. Lift-induced drag (also called induced drag) is drag which occurs as the result of the creation of lift on a three-dimensional lifting body, such as the wing or fuselage of an airplane. BONUS OFFER: Get your 500 Page Ammo Comparison Handbook (worth $43) for FREE right into your inbox. And this is not just the case for these selected rounds where the argument could be made that the 158gr .357 Mag round is an outlier that is driving the difference up. Yeah, it seems strange to see the word trajectory in a comparison of handgun rounds. Whether it is for home defense or tactical competitions, recoil is a big player in how effective you can be with the weapon. Aircraft flying at transonic speed often incur wave drag through the normal course of operation. The Importance of Slope. {\displaystyle D_{w}} Draw a velocity-time graph for this motion. 4. There is a reason the 9mm is a popular self defense cartridge. Analysis of triangular sharkskin profiles according to second law, Modelling, Measurement and Control B. Because of this reduced range, the ballistic coefficient will not have as large an impact on handgun cartridges at short range when compared to centerfire rifle cartridges at 300+ yards. We are also pretty confident that those numbers will be coming from a hand loaded round. It is clear that the minimum fluidization velocity is 1650/18 ≈ 90 times smaller than the terminal velocity of a single particle in an infinitely large fluid. There was a pretty significant difference in recoil. With a decent velocity and a flat trajectory with only 2.5 inches of bullet drop at 75 yards, this is an excellent round for the range whether for fun or competition. This can be very hard to arrange if you are swinging a yo-yo on a string. And the rounds with the highest BCs are also associated with the heavier rounds. If the object falls far enough, it will reach a maximum velocity, called the terminal velocity, and will remain at that velocity the rest of the way down (Giancoli 30). This drag component is due to viscosity. Compute the terminal (constant) velocity of... View Answer A diver springs upward with an initial speed of 2.11 m/s from a 3.0-m board (a) Find the velocity with which he strikes the water. What is the terminal settling velocity of the particle of the previous example settling in water in a 0.5 m radius centrifuge that rotates at 2000 rpm? It eventually replaced the .38 Special in a lot of police departments. f Do you want to stop an attacker in their tracks? We can speculate, but that is pretty much it. In aviation, induced drag tends to be greater at lower speeds because a high angle of attack is required to maintain lift, creating more drag. Q21. 0.4 We calculated the trajectories with a ballistics calculator and graphed the results from the muzzle out to 150 yards with a zero range of 50 yards (Graph 7). In the field, they are all going to play a role. It also gives us something to look back on when we see the numbers and help us make more sense of them. And this comes back to the argument of what stopping power actually entails when discussing handgun cartridges. We calculated the sectional density for each of our ten selected rounds and graphed them below (Graph 9). = And when we come to those categories, we will discuss the situation in more depth. All of these are widely available factory loads that see a lot of use in the field. Discussing stopping power and handgun rounds is a sure way to start an argument that gets more heated than just about any political topic, and that is quite impressive. For burning some lead on the range, the .357 Mag Hornady American Gunner XTP JHP 125gr is our go-to choice. 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