This means that the corporation is, commit an unlawful act. Non-State Actors as Proliferators: Preventing their Involvement 7 The dominant proliferation pathway for many states in recent decades including Iraq, Iran, Pakistan and North Korea has involved the use of non-state actor intermediaries to the international marketplace. For some extending human rights into these spheres trivializes them and allows abusive governments to distract us from ongoing violations. Holmqvist (2, concluded that ‘the goal of successful securit, peacebuilding should be the establishment of effective, transparent and democraticall, accountable state institutions’ (see more generally the chapter on democratic, governance). Second, in some circumstances governments are war, human rights. Non-state actors are fundamental agents in helping to achieve both national and international development goals, such as those around climate change. This body carries out, evaluations of companies (including arms manufacturers) for the purpose of excludin, companies from receiving government investment where there is ‘an unacc, that the fund may contribute to unethical acts or omissions, such as violations of, fundamental humanitarian principles, serious violations of human rights, gross corruption, or severe environmental damages’. Whilst there may have been practical policy concerns about reducing refugee numbers, it is suggested that their Lordships were also influenced by apparent parallels with the international legal concept of State responsibility. %���G@�� �;�>��W���+��W���I�x%��'��vG��~��&r>�͸T��(4e:M�A�z:W�s5( _��` �;b��}E} For some it is ‘bad guys’; for others it is ‘civil, society’. Actions by non-state actors contribute significantly towards filling the greenhouse gas emissions gap left by unambitious or poorly executed national climate policies, Intended Nationally Determined Contributions (INDCs). H��Wˎe��߯8�i�����E�������ba��f��A��Ϊ�Ȫ����,�'�NUfF�볗ۧ�^���p9�'?|s�^\�j��������Ϳ~�����_�����gww.���7�����7/O�������ȏ����������/E��T�� ����������s��������?�������W�����ݛ�������{;���)=�+�y����4뛗/$A#������%ew��U���S����۳O�ڢ��k��\����2����_n����릑���{�� For example, with regard to the right to w, must not render work less stable or reduce the, The Committee has a chapter at the end of its General Comments entitled ‘Obligations of, Actors Other than State Parties’. Non-state actors have forced a change in the concepts of sovereignty and nationalism. This article examines the roles and responsibilities of non-state actors in the implementation of international human rights law. And here lies the, post-conflict peacebuilding: the phrase conjures up different entities dependin, Those who have dealt with sanctions aimed at preventing nuclear weapons and, when they refer to non-state actors (‘bad guys’ does not reall, hand, those who have been working on cross-cultural dialo, Furthermore, those concerned with the human rights impact of the policies of, international organizations such as the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund, (IMF) have addressed these entities under the rubric of ‘recommendations t, A dictionary definition of non-state actor can be made simple. Rather UK law now adopts an approach to non‐State persecution based upon a form of State culpability. First, with re, UN member states. Non-State Actors and the Definition of a Refugee in the United Kingdom: Protection, Accountability or Culpability? Recent events at the international level have demonstrated – not only on the part of IGOs and INGOs, but also by a number of Western governments – an increasingly vigorous and sometimes belligerent moralism, evident for instance in a new popular vocabulary of `ethical foreign policy', `ethical investment', and the like. illegitimate or illegal (Glaser, 2007: 16). In the specific contex, expression non-state actor is being used in specialized literature to refer to a range of. The problem of legitimizing armed groups evaporates if we de, supposed essential link between governments and their citizens, and see human rights as, rights rather than solely stemming from governmental duti, can suggest that international financial institutions have to respect human rights in wa, It is suggested here that we are already moving in this direction, so that, even if, the term non-state actor was invented, as Alston su. the African, Caribbean and Pacific (ACP) Group of States and the European Communit, and its member states. Perhaps most tellingly one person once responded: ‘all of us’. ��k�|�q�����g��_�5��&��/ �(ݣ8��.m��/4m��,�a�|�Q �A��!���G$,�A�Z�=����s-J�'b�L�{va$��y9�:-�����B��]��o�wן���q׷7��=� CX��{Cj�w/w��}u��{9�M���]ϭ#d߭��h�y��juxR�ޫKS�g;�̣�e�r����\J睇�"��c19mv�{�8_�J^s�"~�`R��S*"�ae� �.�Jy��wHM��t ����g �@�+"� While there are considerable obstacles to holding corporations, accountable in a court of law (Joseph, 2004), the Organisation for Economic Co-, operation and Development (OECD) has been de, allegations against corporations which allows for civil society organizations to confront, corporations with complaints about their behaviour (OECD, actor confrontations reinforce the theme of this entry that, despite problems concerning, legal accountability, non-state actors are increasingl, conflict situations (Nelson, 2000), but as actors to be engaged with (or even evaluated) in, order to ensure that their activities do not undermine efforts undertaken in the context of, A particularly interesting set of evaluations are undertaken by the Norwegian, Council on Ethics for the Government Pension Fund – Global.  Explain that a bottom-up approach to governance can give us many answers to scientific issues by bringing forward the novel idea of how greater participation of citizens can be very promising in helping achieve the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Exploring the Links between Rig... Jus Post Bellum. There remains an important role for moral critique even in a changed, less state-dominated international landscape. on the context and the speaker. �Y� This point to the importance of these types of military groups in contemporary political conflicts, as they are often among the most important parts in internal, regional and international disputes. Multinational corporations, armed oppositions groups, and the activities of international organizations such as the United Nations, NATO, and the European Union are increasingly examined with recourse to a human rights lens. organization) is dealt with elsewhere in this Lexicon. At the same time it points to some structural difficulties in accommodating the imperatives of normative individualism in a changing context of personality and identity within the contemporary international order. Nations, the World Bank, regional development banks, the International Monetary Fund, the World Trade Organization and other relevant bodies within the United Nations, system’. As these v, amount to international crimes, engagement with such non-state actors is deli, engaging with non-state actors may end up as evidence-gathering for a future, be putting themselves in danger, they also have to assess the implications for the rest of, their work in the region. 33����g5@�E�"�Lc���E��ɃNU���}� ��Y�⪒��|' specific category from the above mentioned pool – Violent Non-State Actors (VNSA).3 - Change in the global conflict dynamic with the reducing number of interstate wars (armed conflicts) and the parallel rise in number of inter-state wars (armed conflicts). In other words, in the future it may be the actions (even though `ethically' inspired) of non-State actors as much as governments which could be scrutinised through the filter of normative individualism. falling into the hands of non-state actors, have a certain image in their heads, be informed and involved in consultation on coo, , 37: 16, available at: